Abstract This study investigated the intensity and spatial distribution of precipitation anomalies in Rio Grande do Sul state (RS) during the 20th century by analyzing the influence of El Niño - Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in its three phases. Reanalyzes from the University of Delaware (V5) were used. Precipitation anomalies were divided into three zones (Campaign, Plateau, Coast) to investigate possible differences in precipitation under ENSO influence. Alexandersson's Standard Normal Homogeneity Test was applied to verify possible structural breaks. Wavelets were used to rate the periodicity of precipitation anomalies into three phases. Anomalies that occurred in El Niño and La Niña phases were classified in contingency tables as weak, average, and strong to evaluate the qualitative behavior of these precipitation anomalies. It was found that precipitation anomalies presented a structural break in 1955 when the tendency to positive anomalies increased. From 1955, precipitation anomalies increased at least 0.5 standard deviation while the frequency of these anomalies decreased from 85 to 60 months. Peaks of positive anomalies in El Niño were higher than 200 mm. In neutral cases, anomalies intensified in 0.5 standard deviation since 1970. Negative anomalies did not show specific behavior in any ENSO phase. Contingency tables indicated that La Niña events did not present any visible influence pattern. It could intensify the episodes of positive and negative precipitation anomalies in at least 0.5 (-0.5) standard deviation. Therefore, La Niña events could increase or decrease the monthly anomaly but do not show any tendency to negative anomalies. Weak El Niños tends to contribute to negative precipitation anomalies while strong cases are associated with an average increase of 2 standard deviations in positive anomalies. It was concluded that the influence of ENSO in RS is stronger in El Niño than in La Niña. Still, both may induce negative and positive anomalies, depending on the intensity of each case. Wavelet analysis revealed that cycles that did not coincide with El Niño/La Niña showed an increase (decrease) of 0.5 (-0.5) standard deviation is positive (negative) anomalies. The increase of anomalies in neutral phases indicated that other climatic variability modes and the intensity of meteorological events decreased the 25 and 43 months cycles and increased the precipitation in RS.

Abstract This study investigated the spatial patterns of atmospheric circulation associated with surface air temperature variability trends between the Antarctic Peninsula and South America, during the austral summer (1979-2020). The first mode shows a positive score trend, with warming in northern Antarctic Peninsula and southern South America. This mode is mainly associated with the positive/neutral Southern Annular Mode and La Niña phases. There is an anomalous low pressure in the Southeast Pacific, a strengthening (weakening) of the polar (subtropical) jet and a strengthening and/or south/southwest displacement of the South Atlantic Subtropical High, which can prevent the passage of transient systems over the continent. In addition, there is a negative phase pattern of the South Atlantic Dipole, which contributes to the strengthening of the South Atlantic Convergence Zone convective activity. The second mode shows a negative score trend, with cooling in the Antarctic Peninsula/southernmost South America and warming between 10-40°S over South America. This mode is mainly associated with the spatial pattern of Central Pacific El Niño. There is a strengthening of the low-level jet and a strengthening of the western branch of the South Atlantic Subtropical High, all of which contribute to the suppression of the South Atlantic Convergence Zone.

Abstract It is estimated that the explosive Hudson volcano eruption in Southern Chile injected approximately 2.7 km3 of basalt and trachyandesite tephra into the troposphere between August 8-15, 1991. The Hudson signal has been detected in Antarctica at the eastern sector and in South Pole snow. In this work, we track the Hudson volcanic plume using a dispersion model, remote sensing, and a re-analysis of a high-resolution ice core analysis from the Detroit Plateau in the Antarctic Peninsula and sedimentary records from shallow lakes from King George Island (KGI). The Hudson eruption imprint in these records is confirmed by using a weekly resolved aerosol concentration database from KGI demonstrating that the regional impact of Hudson eruption predominates over the Mount Pinatubo/Phillippines volcanic signal, dated from June 1991, in terms of particulate matter depositions. The aerosol elemental composition of Ca, Fe, Ti, Si, Al, Zn, and Pb increases from 2 to 3 orders of magnitude in background level during the days following the eruption of the Hudson volcano.

Xylopia aromatica (Lam.) Mart. (Annonaceae) is a typical species from the Brazilian cerrado that presents medicinal properties. The plant is distinguished by its large white flowers which produce a pleasant fragrance. X. aromatica is characterized by a wide range of medicinal application. These characteristics have motivated us to investigate the flowers volatile organic compounds (VOCs) via in vivo and in vitro protocols by a headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) technique combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS). Four different fibers, extraction times and temperatures were the parameters changed to lead to the maximum profiling of the volatile constituents. Data were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA). A total of 77 VOCs were extracted from the floral scent, with 52 and 68 extracted from in vivo and in vitro sampling, respectively, of which 48 were reported for the first time in the literature as volatile constituents from X. aromatica flowers. The extraction and identification of VOCs were successfully performed through HS-SPME/GC-MS. The PCA data allowed the identification of parameters that led to the maximum number of VOCs, which were polyacrylate (PA) and carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (CAR/PDMS) fibers, 60 min extraction time and temperature of 29.0 °C. Among the volatile constituents identified, sesquiterpenes predominated, comprising about 61.04%.

RESUMO O padrão de precipitação do estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS) esta mudando, indicando aumento, ainda que se observe longos períodos de seca. Diversos estudos apontam influencia de modos de variabilidade climática na precipitação do RS. Este trabalho analisa a influência do Modo Anular do Hemisfério Sul (SAM) e do El Niño – Oscilação Sul (ENOS), nas anomalias de precipitação (PP) da Planície Costeira do Rio Grande do Sul (PCRGS), a dividindo em três regiões: sul, central e norte. Tabelas de contingência foram utilizadas para correlacionar os índices, os classificando como neutros, abaixo ou acima da média. Para significância estatística utilizamos o percentual corretamente classificado, com o qual se aplicou o teste t de Student para cada região. As PP da PCRGS e da costa sul possuem correlação com o ENOS e SAM; a central apenas com o SAM. As PP do norte não são correlacionadas há nenhum dos dois indices. Períodos com mais de 5 meses de PP, SAM e ENOS anômalos foram identificados. Eventos abaixo da média foram maioria. Os resultados indicam maior influência SAM+ e La Niña. A tendência ao SAM+ e intensificação do ENOS, poderá aumentar a frequência de secas na PCRGS. Além disso, foi possível interpretar que as diferenças geográficas da PCRGS podem influenciar nos resultados dos totais de precipitação. Este trabalho contribui para a compreensão dos efeitos das novas tendências da variabilidade climática sob aspecto regional e geográfico.

ABSTRACT The precipitation pattern of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) is changing, indicating an increase, although there are long periods of drought. Several studies indicate the influence of climate variability modes on RS precipitation. This work analyzes the influence of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) and the El Niño - Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on precipitation anomalies (PP) of the Rio Grande do Sul Coastal Plain (RGSCP), dividing it into three regions: south, central and north. Contingency tables were used to correlate the indices, classifying them as neutral, below ou above the mean. To statistical significance we used percentage correctly classified with which the Student’s t was aplied for each region. The PP of the RGSCP and the south coast have correlation with the ENSO and SAM; the central only with SAM. The PP of the north is not correlated to either index. Periods with more than 5 months of PP, SAM and ENSO anomalies were identified. Below average events were majority. The results indicate greater influence of SAM + and La Niña. The trend towards SAM+ and intensification of ENSO, could increase the frequency of droughts in RGSCP. In addition, it was possible to interpret that the geographical differences of the RGSCP can influence the results of precipitation totals. This work contributes to the understanding of the effects of the new trends of climatic variability under regional and geographical aspects.

ABSTRACT The antimicrobial potential of extracts of bark and leaves of Cassia bakeriana Craib, Fabaceae, against aerobic and anaerobic oral bacteria was evaluated by the microdilution broth method. For crude ethanol extracts and organic fractions tested, the bark dichloromethane phase showed a significant antibacterial effect, with MIC values ranging from 12.5 to 100 µg/ml for most of the microorganisms tested. Thus, a bioassay-guided fractionation of this fraction was performed. This fractionation led to isolation of the 1,8-dihydroxy-anthraquinone-3-carboxylic acid, also known as cassic acid or rhein. It is the first time that this bioactive anthraquinone has been isolated from this plant. Rhein exhibited good selectivity and high activity against anaerobic microorganisms, with MIC values ranging between 3.12 µg/ml (11.0 µM) and 25 µg/ml (88.0 µM). These results were considered very promising since the most active samples and rhein showed greater selectivity against oral microorganisms than toxicity to Vero cells.

RESUMO: Um testemunho de neve de 92,26 m foi coletado em um dos divisores da bacia de drenagem glacial do manto de gelo da Antártica Ocidental no verão austral de 2008/2009. Este artigo descreveu os trabalhos de campo no sítio Mount Johns (79º55'S; 94º23'W) e apresentou os resultados das análises dos 45,00 m do registro superiores do testemunho e que representam cerca de 125 anos (1883 - 2008) de precipitação de neve, datados por meio da contagem anual das camadas e dos horizontes vulcânicos de referência. Os elementos-traço estudados neste trabalho foram determinados usando espectrometria de massas por plasma indutivamente acoplado em 2.137 amostras. As concentrações obtidas para Al, Ba, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Sr e Ti são controladas pelas variações climáticas, pela distância de transporte e pelas fontes naturais desses aerossóis. Contribuições naturais de poeira, oriundas principalmente das áreas áridas da Patagônia e da Austrália, são importantes fontes para alumínio, bário, ferro, manganês e titânio. Os aerossóis marinhos, provenientes do gelo marinho e transportados pelas massas de ar, são fontes importantes de sódio e magnésio. Cálcio, potássio e estrôncio apresentam aportes consideráveis tanto de poeira continental como de aerossóis marinhos.

ABSTRACT: An ice core, 92.26 m in length, was collected near the ice divide of the West Antarctica ice sheet during the 2008/2009 austral summer. This paper described the fieldwork at the Mount Johns site (79º55'S; 94º23'W) and presented the first results of the upper 45.00 m record covering approximately 125 years (1883 - 2008), dated by annual layer counting and volcanic reference horizons. Trace element concentrations in 2,137 samples were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The concentrations obtained for Al, Ba, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Sr and Ti are controlled by climate variations, the transport distance, and the natural sources of these aerosols. Natural dust contributions, mainly derived from the arid areas of Patagonia and Australia, are important sources for aluminum, barium, iron, manganese and titanium. Marine aerosols from sea ice and transported by air masses are important sources of sodium and magnesium. Calcium, potassium and strontium showed considerable inputs of both continental dust and marine aerosols.

This study examines the praxical character of theology from a strictly epistemológica! point of view. In this regard, it is about determining the fundamental and decisive connections between the process of theological knowledge (theory) and the reality to be known by the theology (praxis). In the hypothesis of this study, praxis is seen as a fundamental and decisive moment of theological knowledge per se. After analyzing the theory-praxis problem, it situates it on the theological horizon from an epistemológica! perspective. The following article specifies the practical character of theology, which is closely related to the reality to be comprehended through it, to the development of intellective activity, to its interested character and, finally, to the verification and historization process of theology.

Este estudio aborda, desde un punto de vista estrictamente epistemológico, la problemática del carácter práxico de la teología. En este sentido, se trata de determinarlos vínculos constitutivos y determinantes del proceso del conocimiento teológico (teoría) con la realidad a ser conocida por la teología (praxis). En la hipótesis de esta investigación, la praxis será vista como momento constitutivo y determinante del conocimiento teológico en cuanto tal. Luego de analizar la problemática teoría-praxis, se la sitúa en el horizonte teológico en perspectiva epistemológica. A continuación, se explícita el carácter práctico de la teología, el que está estrechamente relacionado con la realidad a ser inteligida por ella, el desarrollo de la actividad intelectiva, su carácter interesado y, finalmente, con el proceso de verificación y de historización de la teología.

Este estudo investiga a ocorrência de Complexos Convectivos de Mesoescala (CCM) e a precipitação associada aos eventos no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), entre outubro e dezembro de 2003. A identificação dos CCM foi feita através do aplicativo ForTraCC e, para quantificação dos totais de precipitação oriundos de CCM, foram utilizados dados diários de 31 estações meteorológicas. Durante o período de estudo, foram identificados 22 eventos de CCM sobre o RS. Deste total, sete ocorreram em outubro, sete em novembro e oito em dezembro. Os dados analisados apontam para um volume médio de precipitação de CCM no RS de 119 mm em outubro, 90 mm em novembro e 152 mm em dezembro. Do total de precipitação registrado para o período, o percentual oriundo de CCM ficou em 64% no mês de outubro, 65% em novembro e 61% em dezembro. O volume médio de precipitação de CCM acumulado no trimestre ficou em 361 mm, uma participação percentual de 63%, confirmando que os CCM contribuíram significativamente para a precipitação no Estado e foram responsáveis por quase dois terços da chuva observada no RS no período.

This study investigates the occurrences of Mesoscale Convective Complexes (MCC) and the associated precipitation in the southernmost Brazilian state, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), from October to December of 2003. The identification of MCC events was done using ForTraCC. The MCC precipitation was based on the daily data of 31 local weather stations. Twenty-two MCC events were identified over RS during the three month study period, and this total, seven events occurred in October, seven in November and eight in December. Results point to an MCC associated precipitation average of 119 mm in October, 90 mm in November and 152 mm in December. The percentages for MCC precipitation averages, for the period, were 64% in October, 65% in November and 61% in December. The average accumulated volume of MCC precipitation for the three months was 361 mm (63%). This confirms that MCC events contributed significantly to the precipitation totals in RS, and were responsible for almost two thirds of the precipitation in RS, for the period.

Os Complexos Convectivos de Mesoescala (CCM) são aglomerados organizados de nuvens convectivas, que atingem com freqüência a Região Sul do Brasil e produzem uma grande variedade de desastres. Este trabalho identificou os CCMs ocorridos entre outubro e dezembro de 2003 no Rio Grande do Sul (RS) e avaliou os desastres associados aos eventos. A identificação dos CCMs foi feita através do aplicativo ForTraCC - DSA/INPE. O levantamento das ocorrências de desastres foi realizado a partir do cruzamento dos dias de eventos de CCM com as informações da Defesa Civil do RS (DCRS) e do Jornal Correio do Povo. Foram identificados 22 eventos de CCM no período, responsáveis por 42 episódios de vendaval, 21 de enxurrada, 14 de enchente, cinco de granizo associado à vendaval, três de granizo, dois de alagamento, dois de inundação e um deslizamento, totalizando 90 ocorrências. Houve registro de seis mortes no RS e cinco em Santo Tomé na Argentina, fronteira com o Estado. Mais de 16.500 pessoas foram atingidas e cerca de 60% dos municípios que comunicaram desastres à DCRS decretaram situação de emergência. Em média, a cada quatro eventos de CCM, três produziram algum tipo de desastre no RS.

Mesoscale Convective Complexes (CCM) are organized clusters of convective clouds, which often arrive at Southern Region of Brazil and produce a variety of hazards. This study evaluated hazards associated with CCM events in the Rio Grande do Sul (RS) State, the southernmost of Brazil, between October and December of 2003. The detection of CCM was done using ForTraCC application - DSA/INPE. Data coming from Defesa Civil do RS (DCRS), the RS civil defense organization, and from the archives of Jornal Correio do Povo, a local newspaper, served as source material to evaluate the hazards on the CCM event occurring days. During the period, 22 CCM events were identified over the RS. Based on DCRS reports, 90 incidents were associated with CCM events: strong gales and storms (42), flash floods (21), stream overflows (14), hail and strong gales (5), hail storms (3), swamping (2), floods (2) and earth flows (1). These CCM events caused the death of eleven people, of which six were in RS and the five in San Tomé, on the Argentinean side of the boarder. More than 16,500 people were affected by hazards caused by CCM in the RS. Approximately 60% of the municipal districts affected requested emergency situation. On average, three to four events produce some type of hazard.

The bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity presented by Conilon coffee (C. Canephora) variety, produced in the Espírito Santo State, Brazil, were quantified. The light roast coffee showed the highest level of total phenols, trigonelline, caffeic and chlorogenic acids. The proanthocyanidin level was the highest for dark roast coffee, while caffeine level didn't show significative changes for the light and middle roast coffees. All the Conilon coffee extracts showed antioxidant activity depending on bioactive compounds concentration and roasting degree. The coffee samples submitted to a light roasting degree showed the highest antioxidant activity.

O presente trabalho estudou os compostos bioativos (ácidos clorogênicos, trigonelina, cafeína, fenóis totais e proantocianidinas), grupos hidroxila ácidos e atividade antioxidante de um café arábica proveniente do Cerrado Mineiro e de seu PVA (grãos pretos, verdes e ardidos). As amostras foram preparadas nas torras clara (180 ± 10 °C; 6,0 ± 1,0 minutos), média (180 ± 10 °C; 8,0 ± 1,0 minutos) e escura (180 ± 10 °C; 10,0 ± 1,0 minutos). Considerando-se a média das três torras do café e do PVA, a diferença observada no teor de todos os constituintes acima não foi significativa (p > 0,05), exceto com o teor de grupos hidroxila ácidos que foi ligeiramente superior no PVA e cafeína calculada pelo método semiquantitativo que foi superior no café. Portanto, dentre esses constituintes, os compostos com grupos ácidos seriam os únicos que poderiam contribuir para explicar a grande diferença de sabor existente entre o café de grãos sadios e o de PVA. Tanto o café como o PVA apresentaram atividade seqüestradora do radical DPPH. nas três torras, sendo a atividade do café sempre superior. Analisando-se as variações dos teores de cafeína, fenóis totais, proantocianidinas, grupos hidroxila ácidos, trigonelina e ácidos clorogênicos, não foi possível explicar a atividade antioxidante superior apresentada pelo café da torra média (CE50 de 2,3 mg.mg-1 de DPPH.).

This work reports the results of the investigation of bioactive compounds (chlorogenic acids, trigonelline, caffeine, total phenolics, and proanthocyanidins), total acid groups, and the antioxidant activity of the Arabian coffee (Coffea arabica) from the Brazilian cerrado (vast tropical savannah) (Minas Gerais state) and its defective beans (Black, green, and sour beans). The samples were prepared using three roasting degrees: light (180 ± 10 °C; 6,0 ± 1,0 minutes), medium (180 ± 10 °C; 8,0 ± 1,0 minutos), and dark (180 ± 10 °C; 10,0 ± 1,0 minutes). Considering the average of the three roasts per coffee and defective beans, the difference observed for the content of all constituents listed above was not significant (p > 0,05). Exceptions are the content of acid hydroxyl groups, which were slightly greater in the coffee defective beans and the content of caffeine, calculated using the semi-quantitative method, which was higher in the coffee itself. Both the coffee and its defective beans presented scavenging activity against DPPH. radical; however, the coffee antioxidant activity was always higher. The variations observed in the content of caffeine, total phenols, proanthocyanidins, phenolic acid groups, trigonelline, and chlorogenic acid levels can not explain the higher antioxidant activity observed for the medium roasted coffee (EC50 of 2,3 mg.mg-1 of DPPH.).

The characterization of dextran in sugars by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) has been carried out according to the number-average molecular weight (Mn), the weight-average molecular weight (Mw), the Z-average molecular weight (Mz), and the polydispersity (Mw/Mn). The results suggest that all the analyzed thirty sugar samples from São Paulo state were contaminated with two or three different dextran polymers. The collected data clearly point out that the total dextran content together with the mass distribution parameters Mw, Mn, Mz, and Mw/Mn should be considered during the evaluation of the quality of the sugar used for the cachaça sweeting process.

Solid dextrans are thermally stable polysaccharides losing water only at 160ºC. According to IR, X-ray, DTA and DSC data no noticeable changes in dextran configuration occurs at this temperature. The total content of dextrans analyzed in 26 samples of Brazilian sugars and 57 samples of sweetened cachaças ranged from 109.5 to 1840 mg/kg and 1.6 to 11.2 mg/L with medians of 999.8 mg/kg and 5.9 mg/L respectively. Samples of sweeted cachaças have been monitored for turbidity, total soluble dextran content and weight of precipitate formed during 275 days. Precipitate formation is a kinetically controlled process which ends after 275 days when the total concentration of soluble dextrans becomes smaller than 0.25 mg/L.

O envelhecimento de bebidas em tonéis de madeira é responsável pela melhoria do sabor e do aroma do produto. Embora o carvalho seja a madeira tradicionalmente utilizada para envelhecimento de bebidas, no Brasil é comum o uso de outras madeiras, como o bálsamo, e madeiras regionais utilizadas por pequenos produtores, fazendo com que o tipo de tonel usado para o envelhecimento possa variar muito. Neste trabalho, é apresentado um estudo da concentração de furanos e fenólicos de baixo peso molecular (ácido gálico, 5-hidroximetilfurfural, furfural, ácido vanílico, ácido siríngico, vanilina, siringaldeído, coniferaldeído, sinapaldeído e cumarina), considerados marcadores de envelhecimento, em cachaças oriundas de pequenos produtores das cinco regiões fabricantes de cachaça do Estado do Ceará. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com cachaças comerciais consideradas produtos de primeira linha, produzidas nos Estados de Pernambuco, Ceará e Minas Gerais, e apresentaram boa concordância.

Alcoholic beverages are usually aged in wooden barrels. This technique improves the taste and the aroma of the product. Although oak is the main wood employed to age beverages, other woods as Balm and local woods are largely employed in Brazil, specially by sugar cane spirits small producers. In this work is presented a study of furans and low molecular weight phenolic compounds (gallic acid, 5-hydroxymethylfurufural, furfural, vanillic acid, syringic acid, vanillin, syringaldehyde, coniferaldehyde, sinapaldehyde and coumarin), considered as aging markers in aged sugar cane spirits from small producers of Ceará State (Brazil). The obtained results were compared to reference samples of for export sugar cane spirits and presented good agreement.